Part of the North Coast of Australia. Shewing the …

John Arrowsmith (1790 - 1873)

English mapmaker, the last of a family of map makers that produced maps during the period 1790 to 1870. His uncle Aaron (1750 - 1823) left the north of England and went to work in London as a land surveyor where he surveyed the Great Post Roads between London and Falmouth which was engraved and published by John Cary an engraver in 1782 (Verner, 1971, p.1). In the 1790s he decided to establish his own map making business. He published about 200 maps and achieved great eminence being appointed Hydrographer to the King in 1820. John Arrowsmith, Aaron's nephew, who was born in Winston, county Durham, England (1790 - 1873) came to work for him in 1810. During the next thirteen years he learned from his uncle the art of map making, including engraving and printing. His two cousins, Aaron junior (1802-54) and Samuel (1805-39) (Verner, 1971, p.2) both worked in the business and inherited jointly the house, business, copper plates, presses etc. as stated in their father's will. By the time of his uncle's death John had established his own business which operated out of 33 East Street, Red Lion Square, although he still worked with his two cousins Aaron and Samuel. All three produced individual works, although Samuel was in charge of the business at 10 Soho Square. Aaron the younger, lost interest in map making and ceased producing maps in 1832 (Verner, 1971, p.2). In 1839 Samuel died and John bought the business including plates, MSS and copyrights at auction of December 1839 (Herbert, 1983) and continued operating from 10 Soho Square. In 1834 he produced his magnum opus, The London Atlas of Universal Geography, which he continued to revise and reissue until the last 1858 edition. However his atlas contains maps of later dates into the 60s (Herbert, 1989). He became a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society in London (1830) and a member of its council. He remained an active member for over forty years during which time he met many explorers and persons of influence who were instrumental in supplying him with information for his maps. In 1831 the society's Journal was established and Arrowsmith began producing maps for it from 1832 until 1870. He received the Gold medal of the Society in 1863 (Tooley, 1999). After his death his plates were bought by Edward Stanford of London who continued to issue the atlas with the name of Stanford's London Atlas of Universal Geography. This atlas continued into the 1920s. (Dorothy Prescott, 2010-2015)

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Charles James Tyers (1806 - 1870)

British surveyor born in London,. After an education at Christ's Hospital he entered the navy in 1828 as a schoolmaster. He served under Admiral Lord Lyons in the Blonde and Captain James Bremer in the Alligator. He made a study of marine surveying and computed longitudes in the Channel, Mediterranean, West Indies and South Africa, becoming recognized as an expert, and in 1837 he was commissioned to survey the Port Essington area. He left the navy in 1839 to join the colonial service as a surveyor. Later that year he was instructed by Governor Sir George Gipps to fix the 141st meridian east longitude, the declared boundary between Port Phillip and South Australia, to ascertain in which colony the mouth of the Glenelg River was situated. Tyers made a triangulation and a chain traverse to Portland from Melbourne, thus fixing the longitude of Portland at 141° 35' 52", and made chronometer readings from Sydney and lunar observations. Taking a mean from these three calculations he fixed the meridian, but because of differing opinions on the longitude of Sydney, Captain Lort Stokes placed it 57 chains (1147 m) west and Captain Owen Stanley and Sir Thomas Mitchell at positions farther west again. Thus Tyers's position was most favourable to South Australia. Governor Gipps wrote to the Colonial Office: 'I have to explain that I have caused Mr Tyers' report to be printed in order that by being circulated amongst the officers of the departments it might stimulate them to exertion, and serve as a model in future operations of this nature'. However, after long disputes the boundary was not finally settled until 1914 when documents had to be sought from Tyers's descendants. Tyers was appointed surveyor in charge of the Portland district in 1841. His work included the laying out of the town and a marine survey of the bay. He was in close contact with the Aboriginals and compiled a vocabulary of about a hundred of their words. He maintained that if treated as 'gentlemen' they were responsive and friendly. He was gazetted a commissioner of crown lands at Portland Bay in August 1842 and a year later became the first commissioner of crown lands for Gippsland. At Charles La Trobe's request he left Melbourne in September to open a coastal route to Gippsland and then a route over the ranges. However, the task of penetrating the thick bush was aggravated by floods and bad weather and Tyers eventually took the sea route to Port Albert, where he arrived in January 1844. Later a third attempt succeeded despite the difficulty of carrying tents and equipment through the thick scrub. La Trobe was very pleased to have the way mapped and travelled it himself on horseback, surprising Tyers by his unexpected arrival at Alberton. Tyers was responsible for inaugurating government in Gippsland and virtually became 'King' of the huge isolated area, where lawlessness had been common and the Aboriginals hostile. He made a map showing holdings and their occupants and sent it to La Trobe in July 1844 with a descriptive and statistical report. He regulated the liquor trade and on his recommendations two police stations and a Court of Petty Sessions were established and two justices of the peace appointed. He improved Port Albert to cope with the growing trade with Hobart Town. He made extensive explorations of Gippsland, always making his land valuations after trigonometrical survey and collection of geological specimens. In 1846 he investigated the suitability of Gabo Island for a light-house. He was appointed a stipendiary magistrate in 1853 and generally had a staff of two or three constables, bullock drivers and rangers. To this position was added that of warden of the Gippsland goldfields in 1861. He moved from Old Port to Eagle Point, where in 1849 he married Georgina Caroline, daughter of William Scott, a grazier at Swan Reach. Later he moved to Sale and then built a home, Seabank, at Old Port, where he retired in 1867. He died at Melbourne on 20 September 1870.

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